金屬管道材料在高溫下使用作用

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蠕變：鋼材在高溫下受外力作用時(shí)，隨著時(shí)間的延長(zhǎng)，緩慢而連續(xù)產(chǎn)生塑性變形的現(xiàn)象，稱(chēng)為蠕變。鋼材蠕變特征與溫度和應(yīng)力有很大關(guān)系。溫度升高或應(yīng)力增大，蠕變速度加快。因此，對(duì)于高溫下長(zhǎng)期工作的鍋爐、蒸汽管道、壓力容器所用鋼材應(yīng)具有良好的抗蠕變性能，以防止因蠕變而產(chǎn)生大量變形導(dǎo)致結(jié)構(gòu)破裂及造成爆炸等惡性事故。
Creep: under the action of external force at high temperature, the plastic deformation occurs slowly and continuously with the extension of time. The creep characteristics of steel have great relationship with temperature and stress. With the increase of temperature or stress, the creep speed is accelerated. Therefore, boiler, steam pipes, pressure vessels for long-term work under high temperature of steel that should have good creep resistance, to prevent the creep of large deformation leads to structural rupture and explosion caused fatal accidents.
球化和石墨化：在高溫作用下，碳鋼中的滲碳體由于獲得能量將發(fā)生遷移和聚集，形成晶粒粗大的滲碳體并夾雜于鐵素體中，其滲碳體會(huì)從片狀逐漸轉(zhuǎn)變成球狀，稱(chēng)為球化。由于石墨強(qiáng)度極低，并以片狀出現(xiàn)，使材料強(qiáng)度大大降低，脆性增加，稱(chēng)為材料的石墨化。
Spheroidizing and graphitization in carbon steel under high temperature, the cementite due to the migration and accumulation of energy will occur, and the formation of cementite grain inclusions in ferrite, the experience changed from flake gradually into carburizing ball, called the ball. Because of the low strength of graphite and the appearance of flake, the strength of material is greatly reduced and the brittleness is increased.
熱疲勞性能。鋼材如果長(zhǎng)期冷熱交替工作，那么材料內(nèi)部在溫差變化引起的熱應(yīng)力作用下，會(huì)產(chǎn)生微小裂紋而不斷擴(kuò)展，導(dǎo)致破裂。因此，在溫度起伏變化工作條件下的結(jié)構(gòu)、管道應(yīng)考慮鋼材的熱疲勞性能。
Thermal fatigue property. If the steel is hot and cold for a long time, the material inside the temperature change caused by the thermal stress under the role of the small cracks will occur and continue to expand, and eventually lead to rupture. Therefore, the thermal fatigue behavior of steel structures and pipelines under the condition of temperature fluctuation should be considered.
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